Common Forest Trees of Hawaii
USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 679
Elbert L. Little Jr. and Roger G. Skolmen, 1989
Currently out of print [May 2010].
This handbook provides an illustrated reference for identifying the common trees in the forests of Hawaii. The 152 species described and illustrated by line drawings comprise 60 native species (including 53 that are endemic), 85 species introduced after the arrival of Europeans, and 7 species introduced by the early Hawaiians.
Links for one-page summaries (.pdf) of information on 152 common forest trees in Hawaii, both native and introduced, are available below.
To find a common name, use the "find in page" command in your browser. Many different trees may share a common name, for example, "ironwood" may refer to several different, unrelated species. Common names in Hawaiian and other Pacific Island languages are spelled without diacritical marks (the okina and kahako, in Hawaiian), as some internet browsers do not support these.
These illustrations describe trees which commonly grow in Hawaii. They are not recommendations. Some tree species, for example Falcataria moluccana and Grevillea robusta, have escaped cultivation and have become serious pests in natural forests in Hawaii. Please do not plant trees which may become weeds in our natural ecosystems. Please see the Hawaii Weed Risk Assessment and the Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk page for more information about invasive species.
For photographs of many of these trees, see the CTAHR "Hawaii Trees and Agroforestry Trees" page.
Files are Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) and require the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view.
List of species names and common names
- Acacia confusa, Formosa koa, small Phiilppine acacia, yanangi (Palau)
- Acacia koa, koa
- Acacia mearnsii, black-wattle acacia
- Acacia melanoxylon, blackwood acacia
- Aleurites moluccana, kukui, candlenut-tree, tutui, varnish tree, candleberry tree, lumbang (Guam), sakan (Palau), lama (Samoa), Indian or Belgaum walnut
- Alnus nepalensis, Nepalese alder, Nepal alder, Indian alder
- Alphitonia ponderosa, kauila
- Angophora costata, lanceleaf gum-myrtle
- Antidesma platyphyllum, hame
- Araucaria angustifolia, Parana-pine
- Araucaria columnaris, columnar araucaria, "Norfolk Island pine", Cook pine, Cook araucaria
- Araucaria cunninghamii, hoop-pine
- Ardisia elliptica, shoebutton ardisia
- Artocarpus altilis, ulu (Hawaii, Samoa), breadfruit, dodog (Guam), lemai (Northern Marianas), arudo (Palau), maa (Yap), mai (Chuuk, Pohnpei), mohs (Kosrae), ma (Marshalls)
- Bambusa vulgaris, ohe, common bamboo
- Bobea sandwicensis, ahakea
- Broussaisia arguta, kanawao
- Calophyllum inophyllum, kamani, Alexandrian laurel, beautyleaf, Borneo mahogany, beach mahogany, poon, oil nut tree (English), kamani, kamanu (Hawaii), dilo (Fiji), beach Calophyllum (Papua New Guinea), daog or daok (Guam, Northern Marianas), btaches (Palau), biyuch (Yap), rakich (Chuuk), isou (Pohnpei), eet (Kosrae), lueg (Marshalls), fetau (Samoa), fetau (Tonga), tamanu (Cook Islands, Society Islands, Marquesas), te itai (Kiribati)
- Canthium odoratum, syn. Psydrax odorata, alahee
- Casuarina cunninghamiana, river-oak casuarina, small-cone ironwood, Australian pine, beefwood
- Casuarina equisetifolia, horsetail casuarina, ironwood, coast she-oak, whistling pine, Australian pine, horsetail beefwood, Australian oak, swamp oak, toa (Samoa)
- Casuarina glauca, longleaf casuarina, longleaf ironwood, swamp she-oak
- Cecropia obtusifolia, trumpet-tree
- Charpentiera obovata, papala
- Cheirodendron platyphyllum, lapalapa
- Cheirodendron trigynum, olapa, common cheirodendron
- Cibotium chamissoi, hapuu-ii, Hawaiian treefern
- Cibotium chamissoi, syn. Cibotium hawaiense, meu, Hawaiian treefern
- Cibotium glaucum, hapuu-pulu, Hawaiian treefern
- Cinnamomum camphora, camphor-tree
- Citharexylum caudatum, fiddlewood
- Clermontia arborescens, ohawai, haha, tree clermontia
- Coccoloba uvifera, seagrap
- Cocos nucifera, coconut, niu
- Coffea arabica, coffee
- Coprosma montana, pilo
- Cordia subcordata, kou, (Hawaii), sea trumpet, beach cordia, tauanave (American Samoa), puataukanave (Tonga), vaua asi (Solomon Islands), kalau (Palau), te kanawa (Kiribati), koa (Guam), niyoron (Guam, northern Marianas), galu (Yap), ikoak (Kosrae), ikoik (Pohnpei), anau (Chuuk), nawanawa (Fiji), tou (Cook Islands), ironwood (Australia)
- Cordyline fruticosa, ti, common dracaena
- Corymbia citriodora, syn. Eucalyptus citriodora, Lemon-gum eucalyptus
- Corynocarpus laevigatus, karaka
- Cryptomeria japonica, sugi pine, Japanese cedar
- Cupressus arizonica, Arizona cypress
- Cupressus lusitanica, syn. Cupressus glauca, Mexican cypress, Portuguese cypress
- Cupressus macrocarpa, Monterey cypress
- Cupressus sempervirens, Italian cypress
- Diospyros hillebrandii, lama, Hillebrand persimmon
- Diospyros sandwicensis, lama
- Dodonaea viscosa, aalii
- Elaeocarpus bifidus, kalia
- Erythrina sandwicensis, wiliwili
- Erythrina variegata, India coralbean
- Eucalyptus, eucalyptus, eucalypt
- Eucalyptus botryoides, Bangalay eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus camaldulensis, river-redgum eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus deglupta, bagras eucalyptus, rainbow gum, rainbow bark eucalyptus, kamarere, Mindanao gum, New Guinea gum, Indonesian gum, deglupta, amammanit eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus globulus, bluegum eucalpytus, southern bluegum, Tasmaniam bluegum
- Eucalyptus grandis, rosegum eucalyptus, flooded gum
- Eucalyptus microcorys, tallowwood eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus paniculata, gray-ironbark eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus pilularis, blackbutt eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus resinifera, kinogum eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus robusta, robusta eucalyptus, swamp mahogany eucalyptus, swamp messmate, beakpod eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus saligna, saligna eucalyptus, Sydney bluegum eucalyptus, flooded gum
- Eucalyptus sideroxylon, red-ironbark eucalyptus
- Eugenia cumini, Java-plum
- Eugenia jambos, rose-apple, ohia loke
- Eugenia malaccensis, ohia ai, mountain-apple
- Falcataria moluccana, syn. Albizia falcataria, Paraserianthes falcataria, Albizia falcataria, Molucca albizia, albizia, Moluccan sau, white siris
- Ficus microcarpa, Chinese banyan
- Flindersia brayleyana, Queensland-maple, silkwood
- Fraxinus uhdei, tropical ash, Mexican ash, Hawaiian ash, shamal ash, fresno (Spanish)
- Grevillea banksii, kahili-flower
- Grevillea robusta, silk oak, silky oak, silver oak, oka kilika, haiku keokeo
- Hedyotis terminalis, syn. Gouldia affinis, manono
- Hibiscus arnottianus, kokio keokeo
- Hibiscus elatus, blue mahoe, Cuban-bast
- Hibiscus tiliaceus, hau, sea hibiscus,
- Ilex anomala, kawau, Hawaiian holly
- Juniperus bermudiana, Bermuda juniper
- Leptospermum scoparium, manuka
- Leucaena leucocephala, koa haole, tangan-tangan (Guam, CNMI), ipil-ipil (Philippines), lamtoro (Indonesia), leadtree
- Mangifera indica, mango, manako (Hawaii), iedel (Palau), manga (Yap), kangit (Chuuk and Pohnpei)
- Melaleuca quinquenervia, paperbark, cajeput-tree
- Melia azedarach, chinaberry, pride-of-India
- Melicope anisata, syn. Pelea anisata, mokihana
- Melicope clusiifolia, syn. Pelea clusiifolia, alani, clusia-leaf pelea
- Melochia umbellata, melochia
- Metrosideros polymorpha, ohia, ohia lehua
- Morella faya, syn. Myrica faya, fayatree (firetree)
- Morinda citrifolia, noni, Indian-mulberry
- Myoporum sandwicense, naio, false-sandalwood
- Myrsine lessertiana, kolea
- Myrsine sandwicensis, kolea lau-lii
- Nesoluma polynesicum, keahi, Hawaiian nesoluma
- Osmanthus sandwicensis, olopua, pua
- Pandanus tectorius, hala, screwpine
- Perrottetia sandwicensis, olomea
- Persea americana, avocado
- Pinus elliottii, slash pine
- Pinus patula, jelecote pine
- Pinus pinaster, cluster pine
- Pinus radiata, syn. P. insignis, Monterey pine
- Pinus taeda, loblolly pine
- Pipturus albidus, mamaki
- Pisonia brunoniana, papala kepau
- Pisonia sandwicensis, aulu
- Pithecellobium dulce, opiuma
- Pithecellobium saman, monkeypod, ohai, raintree
- Pittosporum confertiflorum, hoawa
- Platydesma spathulata, pilo kea, spatula-leaf platydesma
- Pleomele aurea, halapepe, golden dracaena
- Pouteria sandwicensis, alaa
- Pritchardia spp., loulu
- Prosopis pallida, kiawe, algarroba
- Psidium cattleianum, strawberry guava, waiawi
- Psidium guajava, guava, kuawa
- Psychotria hawaiiensis, kopiko
- Rauvolfia sandwicensis, hao, Hawaiian rauvolfia
- Reynoldsia sandwicensis, ohe makai, Hawaiian reynoldsia
- Rhizophora mangle, mangrove
- Rhus sandwicensis, neneleau, Hawaiian sumac
- Roseodendron donnell-smithii, primavera, goldtree
- Sadleria cyatheoides, amau
- Santalum ellipticum, iliahi-a-lo e, coast sandalwood
- Santalum freycinetianum, iliahi, Freycinet sandalwood
- Sapindus oahuensis, aulu
- Sapindus saponaria, wingleaf soapberry, manele
- Scaevola gaudichaudiana, naupaka kuahiwi, mountain naupaka
- Schefflera actinophylla, octopus-tree
- Schinus terebinthifolius, Christmas-berry
- Senna siamea, syn. Cassia siamea, Siamese cassia, pheasantwood, Thailand shower, kassod tree
- Senna surattensis, syn. Cassia surattensis, kolomona, scrambled-eggs
- Sequoia sempervirens, redwood
- Sophora chrysophylla, mamane
- Spathodea campanulata, African tuliptree
- Streblus pendulinus, aiai, Hawaiian false-mulberry
- Styphelia tameiameiae, pukiawe
- Syncarpia glomulifera, turpentine-tree
- Syzygium spp., syn. Eugenia sandwicensis, ohia ha
- Tamarindus indica, tamarind
- Terminalia catappa, Indian almond, tropical almond, false kamani
- Terminalia myriocarpa, jhalna, hollock
- Tetraplasandra hawaiensis, oheohe
- Thespesia populnea, milo (Hawaii, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Tonga), portia tree, Pacific rosewood, seaside mahoe, Indian tulip tree, badrirt (Palau), banalo (Northern Marianas), bang-beng (Yap), kilulo (Guam), mio (Marquesas), miro, amae (Rarotonga, Society Islands), mulomulo (Fiji), panu (Kosrae), polo (Chuuk), pone (Pohnpei)
- Tibouchina urvilleana, glorybush
- Toona ciliata, Australian toon, Australian redcedar, Indian mahogany
- Tournefortia argentea, tree-heliotrope
- Trema orientalis, gunpowder-tree
- Tristania conferta, syn. Lophostemon confertus, brushbox, Brisbane box, vinegar tree
- Urera glabra, opuhe
- Wikstroemia oahuensis, akia
- Xylosma hawaiiense, maua, xylosma
- Zanthoxylum oahuense, ae
“Although it is composed of trees, the forest is far more than a collection of trees standing in one place. It has a population of animals and plants peculiar to itself, a soil largely of its own making, and a climate different in many ways from that of the open country. Its influence upon the streams alone makes farming possible in many regions, and everywhere it tends to prevent floods and drought. It supplies fuel, one of the first necessaries of life, and lumber, the raw material, without which cities, railroads, and all the great achievements of material progress would have been either long delayed or wholly impossible."
- Gifford Pinchot